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1 scientific and technical revolution
= scientific and technological revolution научно-техническая революцияPolitics english-russian dictionary > scientific and technical revolution
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2 scientific and technical revolution
English-French dictionary of Geography > scientific and technical revolution
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3 scientific and technical revolution
English-German geography dictionary > scientific and technical revolution
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4 scientific and technical revolution
Общая лексика: научно-техническая революцияУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > scientific and technical revolution
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5 scientific and technical revolution
English-Spanish dictionary of Geography > scientific and technical revolution
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6 scientific and technical revolution
English-Russian mining dictionary > scientific and technical revolution
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7 scientific-and-technical revolution
Англо-русский словарь по исследованиям и ноу-хау > scientific-and-technical revolution
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8 scientific and technological revolution
Politics english-russian dictionary > scientific and technological revolution
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9 revolution
nреволюция; переворотto bring about a revolution — вызывать революцию; приводить к революции
to launch a revolution — начинать / поднимать революцию
to make a revolution in science — производить переворот / революцию в науке
- armed revolutionto overthrow smb in a revolution — свергать кого-л. в результате революции
- basic principles of the revolution
- black revolution
- bloody revolution
- bourgeois revolution
- contemporary scientific and technological revolution
- cradle of a revolution
- cultural revolution
- Cultural Revolution
- democratic revolution
- domestic revolution
- driving forces of the revolution
- export of revolution to a country
- export of revolution
- full-scale revolution
- gains of a revolution
- general national revolution
- green revolution
- impending revolution
- industrial revolution
- liberation revolution
- minor revolution
- national revolution
- national-liberation revolution
- palace revolution
- political revolution
- popular revolution
- revolution in leadership
- revolution without shots
- scientific and technical revolution
- scientific and technological revolution
- social revolution
- socialist-type revolution
- the Great October Socialist Revolution
- the Orange Revolution
- the Russian revolution of 1905-1907
- the Tender revolution
- the Velvet revolution
- theory of revolution
- tide of liberation revolutions
- transport revolution
- uninterrupted revolution
- victorious revolution
- violent revolution -
10 revolution
̈ɪˌrevəˈlu:ʃən I сущ.
1) изменение, переделка, перестройка;
крутая ломка, крутой перелом научно-техническая революция ≈ scientific-technical revolution revolution in medicine ≈ революция в медицине sexual revolution ≈ сексуальная революция Syn: alteration
2) революция;
переворот;
восстание to carry out, conduct, fight a revolution ≈ организовывать революционное восстание to crush, defeat, put down a revolution ≈ подавлять революцию to foment, stir up a revolution ≈ побуждать к революции to organize a revolution ≈ организовывать переворот social revolution ≈ социальный переворот Syn: uprising ∙ cultural revolution ≈ культурная революция industrial revolution ≈ промышленная революция palace revolution ≈ дворцовый переворот political revolution ≈ политический переворот II сущ.
1) круговое движение, вращение
2) кругооборот;
цикл
3) тех. оборот revolution counter ≈ счетчик числа оборотов
4) севооборот Syn: rotation of crops, crop rotation революция - bourgeois * буржуазная революция - the Great October Socialist Revolution Великая Октябрьская социалистическая революция - the English R. Английская (буржуазная) революция (1640-1653 гг.) - the American R. Американская революция, Война за независимость( 1775-83 гг.) переворот - palace * дворцовый переворот крутая ломка, крутой перелом;
революция - * in modern physics революция в современной физике - * in our ideas of time and space переворот в наших представлениях о времени и пространстве вращение - the * of celestial bodies вращение небесных тел( техническое) оборот - * counter счетчик числа оборотов, тахометр - sixty-five *s per /a/ minute шестьдесят пять оборотов в минуту периодическое возвращение;
кругооборот;
цикл;
смена - the * of the seasons смена времен года( сельскохозяйственное) севооборот, ротация севооборота( устаревшее) размышления, раздумье (космонавтика) оборот по орбите industrial ~ промышленная революция ~ переворот;
palace revolution дворцовый переворот revolution коренное изменение ~ круговое вращение ~ крутая ломка, крутой перелом ~ крутой перелом ~ переворот;
palace revolution дворцовый переворот ~ переворот ~ периодическое возвращение;
кругооборот;
the revolution of the seasons смена времен года ~ полный оборот, цикл ~ полный оборот;
цикл;
revolutions per minute число оборотов в минуту ~ революция ~ севооборот ~ counter тех. счетчик числа оборотов ~ периодическое возвращение;
кругооборот;
the revolution of the seasons смена времен года ~ полный оборот;
цикл;
revolutions per minute число оборотов в минутуБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > revolution
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11 научно-технический
прил. scientific and technicalнаучно-техническ|ий - scientific and technical;
~ая литература scientific and technical literature;
~ая интеллигенция scientists and engineers;
~ая революция scientific and technological revolution.Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > научно-технический
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12 Education
In Portugal's early history, education was firmly under the control of the Catholic Church. The earliest schools were located in cathedrals and monasteries and taught a small number of individuals destined for ecclesiastical office. In 1290, a university was established by King Dinis (1261-1325) in Lisbon, but was moved to Coimbra in 1308, where it remained. Coimbra University, Portugal's oldest, and once its most prestigious, was the educational cradle of Portugal's leadership. From 1555 until the 18th century, primary and secondary education was provided by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). The Catholic Church's educational monopoly was broken when the Marquis of Pombal expelled the Jesuits in 1759 and created the basis for Portugal's present system of public, secular primary and secondary schools. Pombal introduced vocational training, created hundreds of teaching posts, added departments of mathematics and natural sciences at Coimbra University, and established an education tax to pay for them.During the 19th century, liberals attempted to reform Portugal's educational system, which was highly elitist and emphasized rote memorization and respect for authority, hierarchy, and discipline.Reforms initiated in 1822, 1835, and 1844 were never actualized, however, and education remained unchanged until the early 20th century. After the overthrow of the monarchy on the Fifth of October 1910 by Republican military officers, efforts to reform Portugal's educational system were renewed. New universities were founded in Lisbon and Oporto, a Ministry of Education was established, and efforts were made to increase literacy (illiteracy rates being 80 percent) and to resecularize educational content by introducing more scientific and empirical methods into the curriculum.Such efforts were ended during the military dictatorship (192632), which governed Portugal until the establishment of the Estado Novo (1926-74). Although a new technical university was founded in Lisbon in 1930, little was done during the Estado Novo to modernize education or to reduce illiteracy. Only in 1964 was compulsory primary education made available for children between the ages of 6 and 12.The Revolution of 25 April 1974 disrupted Portugal's educational system. For a period of time after the Revolution, students, faculty, and administrators became highly politicized as socialists, communists, and other groups attempted to gain control of the schools. During the 1980s, as Portuguese politics moderated, the educational system was gradually depoliticized, greater emphasis was placed on learning, and efforts were made to improve the quality of Portuguese schools.Primary education in Portugal consists of four years in the primary (first) cycle and two years in the preparatory, or second, cycle. The preparatory cycle is intended for children going on to secondary education. Secondary education is roughly equivalent to junior and senior high schools in the United States. It consists of three years of a common curriculum and two years of complementary courses (10th and 11th grades). A final year (12th grade) prepares students to take university entrance examinations.Vocational education was introduced in 1983. It consists of a three-year course in a particular skill after the 11th grade of secondary school.Higher education is provided by the four older universities (Lisbon, Coimbra, Oporto, and the Technical University of Lisbon), as well as by six newer universities, one in Lisbon and the others in Minho, Aveiro, Évora, the Algarve, and the Azores. There is also a private Catholic university in Lisbon. Admission to Portuguese universities is highly competitive, and places are limited. About 10 percent of secondary students go on to university education. The average length of study at the university is five years, after which students receive their licentiate. The professoriate has four ranks (professors, associate professors, lecturers, and assistants). Professors have tenure, while the other ranks teach on contract.As Portugal is a unitary state, the educational system is highly centralized. All public primary and secondary schools, universities, and educational institutes are under the purview of the Ministry of Education, and all teachers and professors are included in the civil service and receive pay and pension like other civil servants. The Ministry of Education hires teachers, determines curriculum, sets policy, and pays for the building and upkeep of schools. Local communities have little say in educational matters. -
13 Krylov, Alexei Nicolaevitch
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 15 August 1863 Visyoger, Siberiad. 26 October 1945 Leningrad (now St Petersburg), Russia[br]Russian academician and naval architect) exponent of a rigorous mathematical approach to the study of ship motions.[br]After schooling in France and Germany, Krylov returned to St Petersburg (as it then was) and in 1878 entered the Naval College. Upon graduating, he started work with the Naval Hydrographic Department; the combination of his genius and breadth of interest became apparent, and from 1888 until 1890 he undertook simultaneously a two-year university course in mathematics and a naval architecture course at his old college. On completion of his formal studies, Krylov commenced fifty years of service to the academic bodies of St Petersburg, including eight years as Superintendent of the Russian Admiralty Ship Model Experiment Tank. For many years he was Professor of Naval Architecture in the city, reorganizing the methods of teaching of his profession in Russia. It was during this period that he laid the foundations of his remarkable research and published the first of his many books destined to become internationally accepted in the fields of waves, rolling, ship motion and vibration. Practical work was not overlooked: he was responsible for the design of many vessels for the Imperial Russian Navy, including the battleships Sevastopol and Petropavlovsk, and went on, as Director of Naval Construction, to test anti-rolling tanks aboard military vessels in the North Atlantic in 1913. Following the Revolution, Krylov was employed by the Soviet Union to re-establish scientific links with other European countries, and on several occasions he acted as Superintendent in the procurement of important technical material from overseas. In 1919 he was appointed Head of the Marine Academy, and from then on participated in many scientific conferences and commissions, mainly in the shipbuilding field, and served on the Editorial Board of the well-respected Russian periodical Sudostroenie (Shipbuilding). The breadth of his personal research was demonstrated by the notable contributions he made to the Russian development of the gyro compass.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember, Russian Academy of Science 1814. Royal Institution of Naval Architects Gold Medal 1898. State Prize of the Soviet Union (first degree). Stalin Premium for work on compass deviation.BibliographyKrylov published more than 500 books, papers and articles; these have been collected and published in twelve volumes by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1942, My Memories (autobiography).AK / FMWBiographical history of technology > Krylov, Alexei Nicolaevitch
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14 Clerk, Sir Dugald
[br]b. 31 March 1854 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 12 November 1932 Ewhurst, Surrey, England[br]Scottish mechanical engineer, inventor of the two-stroke internal combustion engine.[br]Clerk began his engineering training at about the age of 15 in the drawing office of H.O.Robinson \& Company, Glasgow, and in his father's works. Meanwhile, he studied at the West of Scotland Technical College and then, from 1871 to 1876, at Anderson's College, Glasgow, and at the Yorkshire College of Science, Leeds. Here he worked under and then became assistant to the distinguished chemist T.E.Thorpe, who set him to work on the fractional distillation of petroleum, which was to be useful to him in his later work. At that time he had intended to become a chemical engineer, but seeing a Lenoir gas engine at work, after his return to Glasgow, turned his main interest to gas and other internal combustion engines. He pursued his investigations first at Thomson, Sterne \& Company (1877–85) and then at Tangyes of Birmingham (1886–88. In 1888 he began a lifelong partnership in Marks and Clerk, consulting engineers and patent agents, in London.Beginning his work on gas engines in 1876, he achieved two patents in the two following years. In 1878 he made his principal invention, patented in 1881, of an engine working on the two-stroke cycle, in which the piston is powered during each revolution of the crankshaft, instead of alternate revolutions as in the Otto four-stroke cycle. In this engine, Clerk introduced supercharging, or increasing the pressure of the air intake. Many engines of the Clerk type were made but their popularity waned after the patent for the Otto engine expired in 1890. Interest was later revived, particularly for application to large gas engines, but Clerk's engine eventually came into its own where simple, low-power motors are needed, such as in motor cycles or motor mowers.Clerk's work on the theory and design of gas engines bore fruit in the book The Gas Engine (1886), republished with an extended text in 1909 as The Gas, Petrol and Oil Engine; these and a number of papers in scientific journals won him international renown. During and after the First World War, Clerk widened the scope of his interests and served, often as chairman, on many bodies in the field of science and industry.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1917; FRS 1908; Royal Society Royal Medal 1924; Royal Society of Arts Alber Medal 1922.Further ReadingObituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, no. 2, 1933.LRD
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